Worsening congestion is not only occurring in Jakarta, but on roads around the borders of cities like Tanggerang, Surabaya, and Bandung which continue to be packed with motorcycles and cars sitting in traffic for hours. In 2023, the Head of the West Java Transportation Agency revealed that the level of private motor vehicle use in Bandung had reached a staggering 87 percent. In addition, a decline in air quality is occurring across cities in Indonesia, as emissions from fossil fuel burning vehicles continue to contribute to the growth of respiratory diseases in children, the elderly, and other vulnerable groups.
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